Good argument on the Nile from the Global experts side!

በኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ እና በኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ: ልዩነት እና አንድነት

(ይህንን ጽሁፍ አብዛኛውን በቀጥታ በመተርጎም የተወሰነውን ደግሞ አቻ ትርጉም በመፈለግ Inspire Business Solution.com ከተሰኘ ድረ ገጽ ላይ የወሰድኩት ነው)

"ብዙ ሰዎች ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲን ከኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ ጋር በማቀላቀል ወይም በመቀያየር ሲጠቀሙበት በብዛት ይስተዋላል። ይህ ግራ መጋባት በምሁራንም ሆነ በተቋማት ደረጃም ሲምታታ ይታያል።" በማለት ይገልጸዋል ፒተር ቫጅዳ (ዶ/ር) የተባለ በሙያወ ተመራማሪ በ2013 እኤአ ባሳተመው "True North Partnering" በተባለ ጽሁፉ ላይ።  በተጨማሪም ሲያብራራ ፣ "የሁለቱ ጽንሰ ሐሳቦች መቀላቀል በአጠቃላይ በአለማችን ላይ በተለያዩ የማህበረሰብ ክፍሎች የሚስተዋል ስለሆነ ብዙ መደነቅ አይገባም!" ይለናል። የዶክተሩን ማብራሪያ እንደመነሻ በመጠቀም ሰዎች የሁለቱን ጽንሰ ሃሳቦች መሰረታዊ አንድነት እና ልዩነታቸውን በመረዳት በተገቢው መንገድ መጠቀም ተገቢ እና አስፈላጊም ስለሆነ እንደሚከተለው ለማስረዳት እሞክራለሁ። የሚቀጥሉት ማብራሪያዎች ችግሩን ያስወግዳሉ ብዬም አስባለሁ።

ኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ፡ ማለት "የራስን እና የሌሎችን ስሜት መረዳት ማለት ነው።" በማለት ዶ/ር ቫጅዳ ይገልጸዋል። በቅደም ተከተል ማስቀመጥ ካለብን ደግሞ የራስን ስሜት መረዳት ሲቀድም የሌሎችን ስሜት መረዳት ደሞ ይከተላል። በተለይም ከሰዎች ጋር በሚኖረን መስተጋብር ውስጥ ሊፈጠሩ የሚችሉ ስሜቶችን መረዳት ወሳኝ ነው። በተለይም የውይይቱን፣ ወይም የመነጋገሪያ አጀንዳውን በተሳካ ሁኔታ ለማስተላለፍ ወይም ክርክር ከሆነ የተከራካሪውን ክፍል ለማሳመንና ለመርታት መጀመሪያ የራሳችንን የስሜት ተክልቁመና ምን ይመስላል ብለን መረዳት ወሳኝ የመጀመሪያ እርምጃ ነው። 

በመቀጠልም ዶ/ር ቫጅዳ ሲያብራራ፣ ተከራካሪያችን ወይም ተፎካካሪያችን በምን አይነት ስሜት ውስጥ ነው የሚገኘው ብለን መረዳት ይኖርብናል ይላል። ይህ ደሞ በቀጣይ በወይይላችን ውስጥ የምንጠቀማቸውን ቃላት፣ የምናነሳቸውን አጀንዳዎች እንዲሁም የምናሳያቸውን የሰውነት እንቅስቃሴዎች መጥነን እና አስልተን እንድናቀርብ ያግዘናል። እንደ ዶ/ሩ ማብራሪያ፣ ኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ የተፎካካሪያችንን ስሜት ብቻ ሳይሆን የአድማጮቻችንንም ስሜት መረዳትን ይጠይቃል። አድማጭ ወይም ተመልካቹ በሚኖረን መስተጋብር ውስጥ እያሳየ(ን) ያለውን የስሜት ባህርይ መረዳት ተጨማሪ ድጋፍ ለማግኘት ተፎካካሪንም ለማሳመን ወሳኝ ምዕራፍ ነው። 

ኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ ለኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ መንደርደሪያ ነው። አንድ ግለሰብ ኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ ሳያዳብር ወይም ሳይኖረው የኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ላይ መድረስ ወይም መብቃት አይቻለውም። 

"ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ማለት ያዳበርነውን የኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ እውቀት እንዴት ለሚፈለገው ጥቅም ማዋል እንዳለብን የሚያግዘን የብቃት ደረጃ ነው።" ይለናል ዶ/ር ፒተር ቫጅዳ። "ለምሳሌ!" ይላል ዶክተሩ። 

"ለምሳሌ አንድ ኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ አለው ብለን የምናስበው ሰው በክርክር ወቅት የራሱን የስሜት አይነት እና ደረጃ እንዲሁም የተከራካሪውን ወገን ስሜት ደረጃ እና አይነት መረዳት ችሏን እንብል። ከዛስ? መረዳት መቻሉ ስለ ተፎካካሪውም ሆነ ስለራሱ የስሜት ሁኔታ እና አይነት እውቀት አለው ማለት ብቻ ነውና። ይህ ግለሰብ በኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ ብቃቱ ያካበተውን እውቀት እንዴት መጠቀምና የተፎካካሪውን/የተቃራኒውን አካል ማሸነፍ/ማሳመን እንዳለበት ካላወቀ የኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ የለውም ማለት ነው። ኢሞትናል ማቹቲቱ በራሳችን ስሜት አይነት እና ሁኔታ እንዲሁም ከእኛ ወጪ ባሉ አካላት ላይ ያለውን የስሜት አይነት እና ደረጃ እውቀት እንዴት ለምንፈልገው አላማ በምንፈልገው መንገድ መጠቀም እንዳለብን የሚረዳን "የብቃት ደረጃ ነው" ማለት እንችላለን"  በማለት ያብራራዋል። ይህንን ፍልስፍና ባጭሩ እንደሚከተለው እንግለጸው። 

ባጭሩ የኢሞችናል ኢንተሊጀንስ እና የኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ግንኙነት ሲገለጽ የእውቀት እና የጥበብ አይነት ግንኙነት ማለት ነው። አንድ ሰው ያለ እውቀት ጥበበኛ መሆን አይችልም። ይህ ማለት ጥበበኛ ለመሆን መጀመሪያ ማወቅ አለብህ ማለት ነው። በማታውቀው ጉዳይ ላይ ጥበበኛ መሆን አትችልም እያልኩህ ነው። አንድ ሰው ምንም እውቀት በሌለው ጉዳይ ላይ በጥበብ እሰራዋለሁ ቢል ማህበረሰባችን "ወፈፌ!" ከሚለው የግለሰቦች ባህርይ አንዱ ነው ማለት ነው። 

አንድ ምሳሌ ልጨምር። 

የተቀበረ ፈንጂ ለማምከን መጀመሪያ ስለፈንጂ እውቀት ሊኖርህ ይገባል። አይነቱን፣ ባህርዩን፣ የጉዳት መጠኑን፣ እንዴት ማምከን እንደሚቻል፣ እንዴት ማፈንዳት እንደሚቻል ... ወዘተ። ከላይ የጠቀስኳቸው አንዳቸውም እውቀት የሌለው አንድ ሰው "በጥበብ" ፈንጂውን አመክናለሁ ቢል ወፈፌነት ደረጃ ላይ ነው ማለት ነው። ምክንያቱም ወደ ፈንጂው አካባቢ ለመጠጋት እንኳን እውቀት ሳይኖረው ጥበብ አለኝ የሚለው ወፈፌነቱ ጥበብ መስሎት ነው። ይህ አይነቱ ሰው እንደ እድል ሆኖ ፈንጂው ሳይፈነዳ መቆጣጠር ቢችል እንኳን እድል ከወፈፌነቱ ጋር ነበር ማለት ነው እንጂ ጥበበኛ ልንለው አይገባም። 

የኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ 5 መሰረታዊ መገለጫዎች

የሳይንስ ምርምር ጆርናሊስት የሆነው እና በዚሁ የምርምር ማእቀፍ ውስጥ በርካታ የምርምር ጽሁፎችን ያሳተው ዳነኤል ጎልድማን ኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስን በአምስት መሰረታው መገለጫዎች በተለይም "Working with Emotional Inteligence" በሚለው የቅርብ ጊዜ ሥራው ላይ ሊያስረዳ ሞክሯል። ይህየጎልድማን ጽሁፍ በሰኔ 28፣ 1999 እኤአ የታተመ ነው። በዝርዝር እንመልከታቸው። 

1. ራስን ማወቅ፡ እንደ ጎልድማን አገላለጽ ከኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ መገለጫዎች መሃል የመጀመሪያው እና መሰረታዊው ክፍል ነው። ጎልድማን እንዲህ እያለ ያብራራል፣ "የራሳችንን ወቅታዊ ሁኔታ እና ተነሳሽነት መረዳት፣ ለይቶ ማወቅ እና መረዳት እንዲሁም ሌሎች ላይ ሊፈጥር የሚችለውን ተጽዕኖ የመረዳት ችሎታ ነው።" ይህንን ቀለል ባለ መንገድ ሲገልጸ ደሞ፣  "ምን አይነት ሙድ ወይም ስሜት ውስጥ ነው ያለሁት? ደብቶኛል? እየተናደድኩ ነው? ወደ ጸብ ልገባ ነው? ... የሚሉት ለእራስ የሚጠየቁ ጥያቄዎች ያለንበትን ወቅታዊ የስሜት ሁኔታ ወይም አይነት ለመረዳት ይረዱናል" ይላል። ያለንበትን ወቅታዊ የስሜት ሁኔታ ከተረዳን በኋላ በራሳችንም ሆነ በሌሎች ላይ ምን ሊያስከትሉ እንደሚችሉ መገንዘብ ይኖርብናል። በዚህ ወቅት ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ላይ የደረሰ ሰው የሚከተሉት መገለጫዎች ይኖሩታል።

• በራስ መተማመን፡
• በራሱም ሆነ በዙሪያው ባሉ ነገሮች ላይ ሙሉ የበላይነት እንዳለው ይረዳል
• በዙሪያው ያሉ ሰዎች/ታዳሚዎች/ ስለእርሱ ምን እንደሚረዱ እውቀቱ ይኖረዋል። በቀላሉ ተመልካቾቹ ወይም ታዳሚዎቹ ስለእርሱ እንዲያውቁ የሚፈፈልገውን ነገር እወቁልኝ ሳይል በብልሃት እንዲያውቁለት ወይም እንዲረዱት ማድረግ ትችላለህ።

2. ራስን መቆጣጠር /ራስን መግዛት/፡ ስሜትህን መቆጣጠር። ለሁኔታዎች በፍጥነት ምላሽ ከመስጠት ይልቅ ስሜትህን አረጋግተህ እንዴት መመለስ /ምላሽ መስጠት/ እንዳለብህ ማሰብ ማለት ነው። ለሁኔታው አስፈላጊ የሆነውን በተገቢው መንገድ መመለስ። ራስህንም በተገቢው መንገድ መግለጽ ማለት እንደሆነ ጎልድማን ያስረዳል። በዚህ ወቅት ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ላይ የደረሰ ሰው የሚከተሉት መገለጫዎች ይኖሩታል።

• ሃላፊነትን መረዳት፡ በሚሰራቸው ሥራዎች እና በሚያከናውናቸው ውሳኔዎች ላይ ሙሉ ሃላፊነት ይወስዳል።
• ለለውጥ ራስን ያዘጋጃል፡ ወደፊት ለሚመጣ ማንኛውም ለውጥ ራሱን ምቹ አድርጎ ያዘጋጃል።
• አንድ ሰው ሲነጫነጭበት ወይም ነውረኛ ሲሆንበት በተመሳሳይ መንገድ ምላሽ አይሰጥም። እንደውም፣ በተቃራኒው ነገሮች እንዳይባባሱ በሚያስችል ስነስርዐት ምላሽ ይሰጣል። (በዚህ ደረጃ ላይ፣ ሰዎች ንዴታቸውን አንተ ላይ ሲያሳዩ ባንተ ብቻ እንዳልተናደዱ ተጨማሪ ምክኛቶች ሊኖራቸው ይችላል በማለት ለራሱ በመንገር ይረዳቸዋል፣ ይታገሳቸዋል። እንደውም መናደድ የሰዎች ባህሪይ መሆኑን በመረዳት ሰዎች ሲናደዱ እና ንዴታቸውንም የሚያንጸባርቁበት አንድ ሰው እንደሚያስፈልጋቸው ይረዳቸዋል። 

3. የውስጥ ተነሳሽነት፡ የውስጥ ተነሳሽነትን ሲያብራራ ዳነኤል ጎልድማን እንዲህ ይላል። "የውስጥ ተነሳሽነት ብዙ ጊዜ ለመማር ወይም ለማወቅ በሚኖር ፍላጎት ይገለጻል። ራስን በገንዘብም በማህበራዊ ደረጃ ከፍ ለማድረግ በሚደረግ ፍላጎት ውስጥ ይገለጻል" ይለናል። ለምሳሌ አንድ ድሃ ሰው እየኖረው ያለውን የድህነት ህይወት መነሻ እና መፍትሄውን ለመረዳት ቢፈልግ የውስጥ ተነሳሽነት አለው ማለት ነው። ስለሆነም ስለሚኖርበት ማህበረሰብ፣ ስለቤተሰቡ አኗኗር፣ ስለሃገሪቱ የፖለቲካ ሁኔታ፣ የከተማዋ የሥራ አጥ ሁኔታ እና የተለያዩ ጉዳዮች ማሰላሰል ሲጀምር ከውስጥ ተነሳሽነት እንዳለው መናገር ይቻላል። ገነዘብ ወይም ሀብት እና ማህበራዊ ደረጃዎች (ማህበረሰቡ ለግለሰቡ የሚሰጠው ደረጃ አስተዋይ ሰው፣ አስታራቂ፣ የተከበረ፣ ነገረኛ፣ ሌባ፣ ...ወዘተ) በተለምዶ ውጫዊ አነሳሽ ጉዳዮች ናቸው። በዚህ ወቅት ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ላይ የደረሰ ሰው የሚከተሉት መገለጫዎች ይኖሩታል።

• ተልዕኮን ለማጠናቀቅ ፍቃደኝነት እና ቁርጠኝነት ያሳያል
• በጭንቅ እና በአስቸጋሪ ሁኔታዎች ወቅት ጽናት የኖረዋል

4. የሌሎችን ስሜት መረዳት፡ "አንድ ሰው ይሄንን የኢሞሽናል ኢንተሊጀንስ መገለጫ ሊያሳካ የሚችለው ራሱን እና የራሱን ስሜት ማወቅና መረዳት ሲችል ብቻ ነው። ራሱን መረዳት የማይችል ሰው ሌሎችን ለመረዳት የሚያስችል አቅም የለውም!" በማለት ጎልድማን ባጭሩ ይገልጸዋል። ይህ ማለት፣ በጸብ መሃል ወንድሙን በሞት ያጠን አንድን ሰው ለመረዳት ስንፈለግ "ወንድሙን ገደሉበት ያሳዝናል" ብሎ ማሰብ ሳይሆን፣ "የሞተው የእኔ ወንድም ቢሆን በዚህ ሰአት ምን አይነት ስሜት ውስጥ ነው የምሆነው?" ብሎ ራስን መጠየቅ እና የሃዘንተኛውን ግለሰብ ትክክለኛ ስሜት ለመረዳት መሞከር ነው። በዚህ ወቅት ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ላይ የደረሰ ሰው የሚከተሉት መገለጫዎች ይኖሩታል። 

• ሰውን መረዳት፡ የሌሎችን ስሜት ይረዳል፣ በጉዳዮቻቸውም ላይ ከልቡ ለመረዳት ፍላጎት ያሳያል። መፍትሄም ለመስጠት ይሞክራል። 
• አጋዥነት፡ ሰዎች የሚያስፈልጋቸውን ነገር ሳይጠይቁት ቀድሞ ይገምታል/ያውቃል ያቅሙንም ለመርዳት ይሞክራል
• የሰዎችን ስሜት በደንብ የተረዳን የቢሮ ፖለቲካ /Office Politics/ ወይም የሰዎች አሉባልታ ወይም ይሉኝታ ብዙም አያስጨንቀውም

5. ማህበራዊ ከህሎት፡ እንደ ዳነኤል ጎልድማን ማብራሪያ፣ "ማህበራዊ ግንኙነትን ለመገንባት እና የሁኔታዎችን ዝምድና በብቃት ለመቆጣጠር እና የጋራ ጉዳይ ለመፍጠር ማህበራዊ ክፍተቶችን ወይም አጋዥ ሁኔታዎችን መለየት" ማለት ነው። ይህ ግለሰብ በሚኖርበት ማህበረሰብ ውስጥ ምን ክፍተት አለ? ምን ባደርግ ይህንን ክፍተት መሙላት እችላለው? የምንላቸውን ጥያቄዎችን ራሱን በመጠየቅ ችግሩ ከማህበረሰቡ ጋር በጋራ እንዲፈታ ይሰራል። ለምሳሌ ስርቆት ወይም ሌላ ወንጀሎች በሚፈጸሙበት ወቅት ይህ ጉዳይ ውሎ አድሮ የእያንዳንዱን ነዋሪ ህይወት ሊጎዳ እንደሚችል ማህበረሰቡን በማስረዳት እና ጉዳዩን የማህበረሰቡ የጋራ ጉዳይ በማድረግ አስፈላጊውን ወንጀልን የመከላከል ሥራ እንዲሰራ ያደርጋል። በዚህ ወቅት ኢሞሽናል ማቹሪቲ ላይ የደረሰ ሰው የሚከተሉት መገለጫዎች ይኖሩታል። 

• የተግባቦት /Communication Skills/ ችሎታ ይኖረዋል፡ በደንብ አዳምጦ በተገቢው መንገድ ምላሽ መስጠት ይችላል
• ተጽዕኖ ፈጣሪነት /Influential/ እና የአመራር /Leadership/ ከህሎት ይኖረዋል፡ ሌሎችን መምራትና ምሳሌ መሆን ይችላል
• ግጭት የመፍታት/Conflict Resolution/ ችሎታ ይኖረዋል፡ በማሳመን /Convincing/እና በመደራደር /Negotiation/ ከባድ አጋጣሚዎችን ማለፍ ይችላል።

ዋቢ ጽሁፎች

• http://inspirebusinesssolutions.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-emotional-intelligence-and-emotional-maturity
• http://inspirebusinesssolutions.com/blog/5-main-components-of-emotional-intelligence
• Peter Vajda, Ph.D. and True North Partnering፣ (2013)
• https://web.sonoma.edu/users/s/swijtink/teaching/philosophy_101/paper1/goleman.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence
• http://www.unh.edu/emotional_intelligence/
• http://www.edge.org/q2005/q05_print.html#goleman
• http://www.eiconsortium.org/
• Answer, but No Cure, for a Social Disorder That Isolates Many
• Men, women and emotions - or why he never tells you how he’s feeling!

Regarding the dam (Ethiopian the GERD)

Mahmoud Salem

For the past few weeks Egyptian society and media have been hysterical over Ethiopia’s construction of its Renaissance Dam.  The public was suddenly bombarded with the notion that Ethiopia will turn off the water faucet on Egypt and that this is an issue that threatens both our national security and survival as a nation. The government couldn’t stick to a position between assuring the public that this is not a threat and between citing this as a threat that requires one of Morsi’s famous “National Unity dialogues”, which always ends in a photo-op and no results.

(This article was originally posted on the The Daily News, Egypt website and I brought it here without permission. Here  is the link for the original post: 

https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2013/06/03/regarding-the-dam/?fbclid=IwAR255u_XtvHeAfG31TgDM5Zct8Ol51pipIopSvwZwcrvhA1xo_9SCyOjfFk)

The opposition was divided by some attending the meeting citing “national security” as their excuse to partake in what can only be described as political mess. While others, like Hamdeen Sabahy, gave out laughable recommendations such as stopping ships from countries that are helping build that dam (China, Italy, Israel) from passing through the Suez Canal. Personally, I would love to see the Egyptian government just try and stop any of those countries from getting their ships through, especially China. This should be hilarious. Nowhere to be found: A single statement from any party outlining the policy options that they would implement if they were in charge.

All the while, many talking heads started spouting nonsensical crap about an Egyptian military strike on Ethiopia, while seemingly screaming in all of their interviews that “We are too strong and powerful for Ethiopia to mess with”. Never mind that Ethiopia was never conquered in any war and that our military never fought in the south and cannot protect its soldiers within our borders, and that there is zero evidence that the Ethiopian military- which is not weak- will kneel in front of our military might. I am chalking this up to temporary insanity caused by over-heating of the brain due to lack of consistent air conditioning in the middle of the horrible heat-wave we are currently experiencing. Let’s assess the situation, shall we?

Let’s start with the fact that Ethiopia is a sovereign nation and is well within its right to build any dam it pleases on its land, as long as it doesn’t violate the international agreements governing the water share of downstream nations, and it likely will not. Then let’s talk about water loss: from the share of water we receive, we lose about 12% of it due to evaporation while the water is stored in Lake Nasser for 10 months between the flood time and irrigation needs. Ethiopia has a lesser evaporation rate (almost half of Egypt), and the electrical dam will slow down the rate of water we receive, thus making sure that the water that gets stored in Lake Nasser arrives in stages and thus decrease our evaporation rate considerably. This will lead to an actual reduction in lost water and an increase in actual water by 5%. Believe it or not, storing the water in Ethiopia before it reaches Egypt will actually lead to an increase in our water supply.  So why the hysteria?

We used to get more than our agreed upon share of water, and we are the reigning champions of wasting drinkable water in the world. We naturally don’t have strict guidelines or enforceable laws or plans to maximise the benefits of our water resources, and we don’t really feel like doing the work or empowering capable people to do it. Here is a helpful hint: Our current hapless prime minister was the minister of water resources and irrigation. This is the guy that was in charge of that. Are you getting the picture?

Here is what Egypt should do: 1) Given our experience at building and maintaining the Aswan High Dam, we should be the people helping Ethiopia build and manage their dam, thus ensuring that it doesn’t hurt our interests; 2) Start negotiations between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt to renegotiate respective shares of the extra wasted waters, thus ensuring that we don’t lose all of it; 3) Having that dam will leave Ethiopia with almost 4,000 megawatts of electricity for export purposes only, at a time where we need the electricity.  If we play ball now, we could get a long term deal that is beneficial to the needs of the Egyptian public and isn’t affected by the prices of fossil fuels; 4) Ethiopia has seriously ambitious agricultural plans, and we have about 10 million farmers without actual land to farm, so we can reach an agreement, decrease our unemployment and boost our food security;  and finally 5) Egypt needs to seriously reconsider its water policies, and create an infrastructural investment plan in desalinisation and extracting ground water from now.

Naturally, we will not do any of this.

We will not do any of this because we have a fistful of misanthropes and imbeciles running our governments and our parties, which is not a new phenomenon. Proof in point: Our own High Dam. If we ignore the environmental disaster that it is for a second, we should note that it was 60 years ago that we thought of using a renewable source of clean energy (hydro-electric power) to successfully meet our power needs, and somehow that didn’t translate into a desire to replicate the idea via other sources of clean energy (solar, wind) that we have in abundance. Instead we rely on fossil-fuel powered power plants while we lack the fossil fuels necessary to operate them, and actually have to pay for it in hard currency. The natural conclusion is what we have now: a government unable to meet our energy needs because it lacks the hard currency to purchase it, all the while complaining about the high financial burden on our budgets that is our energy subsidies, and also not doing anything about it.

Dear Egypt, take heed of this. The world is moving forward all around you, with plans of development and infrastructure to meet its future needs, with the Ethiopian dam being the ultimate proof of that, while you are going nowhere fast and talking about delusional past  glories that have nothing to do with current day realities. Ethiopia is not the problem or the enemy; our laziness, stupidity, incompetence and lack of sound planning are, and it simply cannot be allowed to continue. It’s time for you to wake up.

[Tips for Writing Your Research Proposal]

                                                  

                                                                                   Originally Posted by
1. Know yourself: Know your area of expertise, what are your strengths and what are your weaknesses. Play to your strengths, not to your weaknesses. If you want to get into a new area of research, learn something about the area before you write a proposal. Research previous work. Be a scholar.
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2. Know the program from which you seek support: You are responsible for finding the appropriate program for support of your research.
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3. Read the program announcement: Programs and special activities have specific goals and specific requirements. If you don’t meet those goals and requirements, you have thrown out your chance of success. Read the announcement for what it says, not for what you want it to say. If your research does not fit easily within the scope of the topic areas outlined, your chance of success is nil.
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4. Formulate an appropriate research objective: A research proposal is a proposal to conduct research, not to conduct development or design or some other activity. Research is a methodical process of building upon previous knowledge to derive or discover new knowledge, that is, something that isn’t known before the research is conducted.
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5. Develop a viable research plan: A viable research plan is a plan to accomplish your research objective that has a non-zero probability of success. The focus of the plan must be to accomplish the research objective.
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6. State your research objective clearly in your proposal: A good research proposal includes a clear statement of the research objective. Early in the proposal is better than later in the proposal. The first sentence of the proposal is a good place. A good first sentence might be, “The research objective of this proposal is...” Do not use the word “develop” in the statement of your research objective.
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7. Frame your project around the work of others: Remember that research builds on the extant knowledge base, that is, upon the work of others. Be sure to frame your project appropriately, acknowledging the current limits of knowledge and making clear your contribution to the extension of these limits. Be sure that you include references to the extant work of others.
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8. Grammar and spelling count: Proposals are not graded on grammar. But if the grammar is not perfect, the result is ambiguities left to the reviewer to resolve. Ambiguities make the proposal difficult to read and often impossible to understand, and often result in low ratings. Be sure your grammar is perfect.
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9. Format and brevity are important: Do not feel that your proposal is rated based on its weight. Use 12-point fonts, use easily legible fonts, and use generous margins. Take pity on the reviewers. Make your proposal a pleasant reading experience that puts important concepts up front and makes them clear. Use figures appropriately to make and clarify points, but not as filler.
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10. Know the review process: Know how your proposal will be reviewed before you write it. Proposals that are reviewed by panels must be written to a broader audience than proposals that will be reviewed by mail. Mail review can seek out reviewers with very specific expertise in very narrow disciplines.
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11. Proof read your proposal before it is sent: Many proposals are sent out with idiotic mistakes, omissions, and errors of all sorts. Proposals have been submitted with the list of references omitted and with the references not referred to. Proposals have been submitted to the wrong program. Proposals have been submitted with misspellings in the title. These proposals were not successful. Stupid things like this kill a proposal. It is easy to catch them with a simple, but careful, proof reading. Don’t spend six or eight weeks writing a proposal just to kill it with stupid mistakes that are easily prevented.
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12. Submit your proposal on time: Duh? Why work for two months on a proposal just to have it disqualified for being late? Remember, fairness dictates that proposal submission rules must apply to everyone. It is not up to the discretion of the program officer to grant you dispensation on deadlines. Get your proposal in two or three days before the deadline.

የጉዞ ማስታወሻ 1(ዉቅሮ ጨርቆስ ቤ/ክርስቲያን)

መነሻዎ አዲስ አበባ ነው እንበል። የተጠቀሙት ደሞ የግልዎን መኪና ወይም ተኮናትረው ሳይሆን በህዝብ ማመላለሻ መኪና ነው መሄድ የፈለጉት። ከአዲስ አበባ መቀሌ ከተማ ድረስ የሰላም ባስ በ460 ብር ይወስድዎታል። መነሻው ደሞ መስቀል አደባባይ። የቲኬት ቤሮአቸውም እሻው ከSquare Garden Cafe ጎን ነው። እስካኒያ አውቶብሶች ደሞ ከላምበረት አውቶብስ ተራ ይነሳሉ። 220ብር እስከ መቀሌ ድረስ እንዲከፍሉ ይጠየቃሉ።

የሰላም ባስ ዘመናዊውን የYutong Bus ስለሚጠቀሙ ምቾቱ ከእሳኒያዎቹ ጋር ሲነጻጸር የትየለሌ ነው። ከምቾቱም በተጨማሪ የታሸገ ውሃ እና ቁርስ (ብስኩቶችን) ይጋበዛሉ። እኛ የተሳፈርንበት አውቶብሱ አየር ማቀዝቀዣው የማይሰራ ስለነበር በሙቀት ተሰቃይተናል። ሌላው የሰአት ልዩነታቸው ነው። ሰላም ባስ በ12 ሰዓታት ውስጥ መቀሌ ይገባል። እስካኒያዎቹ ግን እንደ ገበያው ነው። ቀጥታ ሰው ከሞላለት ይገባል ሰው ካጣ ደሞ መንገድ ላይም ሊጎልቶት ይችላል። በቂ ፍራንክ ካላገኙ መስሚያ የላቸውም።

Ethiopia leads the bamboo revolution

Eager foreign investment is making Ethiopia a frontier for the bamboo industrial revolution in Africa

By Ed McKenna IPS, part of the Guardian Environment Network
theguardian.com, Wednesday 10 April 2013 17.56 BST
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Ethiopia is a frontier for the bamboo industrial revolution in Africa, according to this country’s government.Photograph: B.S.P.I./Corbis


A combination of an abundance of bamboo and eager foreign investment is making Ethiopia a frontier for the bamboo industrial revolution in Africa, according to this country's government.

"Ethiopia has the resources, the investment, a rapidly-developing manufacturing industry and a strong demand for our bamboo products from foreign markets. We have what we need. The expansion of Africa's bamboo sector has begun," Ethiopia's State Minister for Agriculture and Rural Development Mitiku Kassa told IPS.

The 10 Best Sets Of Headphones On The Market Right Now

Daniel Goodman / Business Insider

Whether you're listening to music while commuting to work or working out, you'll want to rock the best set of headphones to get the highest-quality sound.



We've found the 10 best headphones on the market right now, thanks to our friends at FindTheBest.

To compile this list, they looked at professional ratings compiled by experts such as Wired, TechCrunch, and HiFi, as well as features of the headphones, such as sensitivity, frequency, and impedance (signal obstruction).
10. NuForce NE-600M/X ($15)

The Nuforce NE-600M/X headphones have a sensitivity of 100 dB and a 32 ohm impedance, which is moderately better than the average for all headphones. Its Wired review said, "Great sound for a low cost. The best-sounding value-priced earbud you can buy. (Yes, better than Monoprice’s torture devices.) Light weight is perfect for runs or other sweaty shenanigans."
9. JVC HAFX1X ($13)

The JVC HAFX1X headphones have a sensitivity of 104 dB, and a 16 ohm impedance with a fairly long cable length of nearly four feet. It got a five-star HiFi rating and one user wrote, "I've used these for almost two years now, and I've never had a problem with them. Great sound, deep bass, and they fit comfortably in my ears. Would definitely recommend."
8. Sennheiser HD 25-1 II ($192)

The Sennheiser HD 25-1 II are especially good quality with a sensitivity of 120 dB (which is 16 dB higher than the average) and a 70 ohm impedance. HiFi wrote, "Whether or not you’re a fan of the branding, these are excellent on-ear headphones."
7. Shure SE535 ($425)

The Shure SE535 have a sensitivity of 119 dB, and a 36 ohm impedance, which is significantly better than the average. HiFi said of the ear buds, "The Shures’ price made us think hard about giving them five stars. In the end the superior performance of their closest peers such as Grado's GR10 was enough to knock the Shures down, but there’s still much to love."
6. Sennheiser IE 8 ($263)

The Sennheiser IE 8 has a high sensitivity of 125 dB with a 16 ohm impedance, with a five-star HiFi rating and 3.3 average user rating on FindTheBest. These ear buds boast great sound, with one Head-Fi user stating, "The sound is detailed, clean instrument separation, strong bass, and an awesome soundstage."

5. Grado SR125i ($150)

The Grado SR125i are best for "gaming" and have a sensitivity of 98 dB and a better-than-average 32 ohm impedance. "Incredible sound. Incredible bass. When I started to listen music I feel I'm just in the studio," a user on the website wrote.
4. Sennheiser HD 25 Originals ($250)

The Sennheiser HD 25 Originals have a sensitivity of 120 dB and a 70 ohm impedance, which is far better than the average. Plus, they have a cable length of five feet, which is 27% longer than the average.
3. Grado SR325is ($295)

The Grado SR325is have a sensitivity of 98 dB and a 32 ohm impedance, which is moderately better than average. HiFi wrote, "Best home on-ear headphones £150+, Awards 2011. For home use, these are stunning: open, detailed and full-bodied."
2. Grado GS1000i ($995)

The Grado GS1000i headphones have a large frequency range of 8 Hz to 35 kHz and a good 32 ohmn impedance. PC Mag gave them five stars and wrote, "The Grado GS1000 headphones are very likely the greatest-sounding headphones ever made—and are priced accordingly."
1. Grado PS1000 ($1,695)

The pricey Grado PS1000 headphones have an incredibly large frequency range of 5 Hz to 50 kHz, which is 26 kHz larger than the average. Their CNET rating said, "They may cost as much as a big-screen TV, but the PS1000s are simply the best-sounding, most comfortable, and best-looking Grado headphones we've ever tested."



Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/best-headphones-on-the-market-now-2014-5#ixzz31qIBODoL